# Initialize a list named grocery_list with three string elements: "apples", "bananas", and "carrots"
grocery_list = ["apples", "bananas", "carrots"]

# Use the append() method to add the string "grapes" to the end of the grocery_list
grocery_list.append("grapes")

# Print the updated grocery_list to the console
print(grocery_list)  
# The expected output will be: ['apples', 'bananas', 'carrots', 'grapes'

# List of numbers from 1 to 6
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

# List comprehension to filter out even numbers from the 'numbers' list
# 'num for num in numbers' iterates over each element in the 'numbers' list
# 'if num % 2 == 0' checks if the number is even (i.e., no remainder when divided by 2)
even_numbers = [num for num in numbers if num % 2 == 0]

# Print the list of even numbers
print(even_numbers) 
# Output: [2, 4, 6]

# Define a tuple named 'coordinates' with two floating-point values
coordinates = (10.0, 20.0)

# Print the 'coordinates' tuple to the console
print(coordinates)

# The output of the above print statement will be: (10.0, 20.0)

# Define a list of tuples named student_grades. Each tuple contains a student's name and their corresponding grade.
student_grades = [("Alice", "A"), ("Bob", "B"), ("Charlie", "C")]

# Start a for loop to iterate over each tuple in the student_grades list.
for student in student_grades:
    # student is a tuple where student[0] is the student's name and student[1] is the student's grade.
    
    # Use an f-string to format the output string. 
    # {student[0]} will be replaced with the student's name and {student[1]} with the student's grade.
    print(f"{student[0]} received {student[1]}")

# This loop will print:
# Alice received A
# Bob received B
# Charlie received C

# Define a list of numbers with some duplicate values
numbers = [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4]

# Convert the list to a set to remove any duplicate values
# A set is an unordered collection of unique elements
unique_numbers = set(numbers)

# Print the set of unique numbers
print(unique_numbers)

# Output will be: {1, 2, 3, 4}
# Note: The output is a set and hence the order of elements may vary

# Define set_a with the elements 1, 2, and 3
set_a = {1, 2, 3}

# Define set_b with the elements 3, 4, and 5
set_b = {3, 4, 5}

# Perform the union operation on set_a and set_b
# The union of two sets is a set containing all elements from both sets, without duplicates
# In this case, the union is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
print(set_a | set_b)  # Output: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

# Perform the intersection operation on set_a and set_b
# The intersection of two sets is a set containing only the elements that are present in both sets
# In this case, the intersection is {3}
print(set_a & set_b)  # Output: {3}

# Perform the difference operation on set_a and set_b
# The difference of two sets is a set containing elements that are in the first set but not in the second set
# In this case, the difference is {1, 2} (elements in set_a but not in set_b)
print(set_a - set_b)  # Output: {1, 2}

# Define a dictionary to store contact information
contact_info = {
    "name": "John Doe",  # The contact's name
    "email": "[email protected]",  # The contact's email address
    "phone": "123-456-7890"  # The contact's phone number
}

# Accessing and printing values from the dictionary using keys
print("Name:", contact_info["name"])  # Access and print the value associated with the key "name"
print("Email:", contact_info["email"])  # Access and print the value associated with the key "email"
print("Phone:", contact_info["phone"])  # Access and print the value associated with the key "phone"

# Creating a dictionary to store information about a student
import pprint

student_info = {
    "name": "Alice Johnson",
    "age": 22,
    "major": "Computer Science",
    "courses": ["Data Structures", "Algorithms", "AI"],
    "contact_info": {
        "email": "[email protected]",
        "phone": "123-456-7890"
    }
}

# Create a PrettyPrinter object
pp = pprint.PrettyPrinter(indent=4)

# Pretty printing the dictionary
pp.pprint(student_info)

# Library management system

# A book is represented as a tuple: (title, author, year)
books = []

# A set of unique authors
authors = set()

# A dictionary to map book titles to their details for quick lookup
book_dictionary = {}

def add_book(title, author, year):
    book = (title, author, year)
    if title in book_dictionary:
        print(f"Book '{title}' already exists in the library.")
        return
    books.append(book)
    authors.add(author)
    book_dictionary[title] = book
    print(f"Book '{title}' added successfully.")

def remove_book(title):
    if title not in book_dictionary:
        print(f"Book '{title}' not found in the library.")
        return
    book = book_dictionary.pop(title)
    books.remove(book)
    # Check if the author of the removed book still has other books in the library
    remaining_books_by_author = [bk for bk in books if bk[1] == book[1]]
    if not remaining_books_by_author:
        authors.discard(book[1])
    print(f"Book '{title}' removed successfully.")

def list_books():
    if not books:
        print("No books in the library.")
        return
    for book in books:
        print(f"Title: {book[0]}, Author: {book[1]}, Year: {book[2]}")

def search_book(title):
    book = book_dictionary.get(title)
    if not book:
        print(f"Book '{title}' not found.")
        return
    print(f"Found book: Title: {book[0]}, Author: {book[1]}, Year: {book[2]}")

def list_authors():
    if not authors:
        print("No authors in the library.")
        return
    for author in authors:
        print(author)

# Example usage
add_book("The Catcher in the Rye", "J.D. Salinger", 1951)
add_book("To Kill a Mockingbird", "Harper Lee", 1960)
add_book("1984", "George Orwell", 1949)
list_books()
remove_book("1984")
list_books()
search_book("To Kill a Mockingbird")
list_authors()